A review and analysis of the effect of water temperature on the reproductive performance of indigenous and exotic species of fish in Pakistan: Through induced breeding in a controlled environment

Abstract

Indigenous species of fish like major carps (Gibelion catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala) Catla catla, Labeo bata, Labeo victorianus, Puntius pulchellus, and exotic species like Chinese carps (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Mylopharyngodon piceus, Rita rita, Clarias macrocephalu, Cyprinus carpio, Carassius auratus, Dawkinsia filamentosa, Clarias gariepinus, Channa striata, Lophiosilurus alexandri, Heteropneustes fossilis, Cyprinus rubrofuscus, and Garra rufa are commercially important, were introduced in Pakistan's freshwater for aquaculture to fulfil the growing demand for fish meat. These are economically significant because of their fast growth rate, high fecundity, fertility rates, and hatching rates. They breed in the river naturally. They need stimulation for spawning. In induced breeding, the exogenous hormones are injected into the bodies of mature brooders. The internal condition of the fish body and environmental factors like water temperature can trigger the reproductive performance of fish species. Reproductive performance of fish is directly affected by water temperature. When the water temperature rises to the upper threshold temperature, the latency time and hatching activity in freshwater fish species accelerate. The spawning response time, fertilization rate and hatching activity are non-linear or practically zero when the water temperature rises beyond the upper threshold temperature or falls below the lower threshold temperature. This study could help to comprehend how degree-hours impact fish spawning behaviour, oocyte rates, and hatch rates.