Plant Based Diets in the Prevention and Management of Chronic Diseases: An updated Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38211/jms.2025.04.156Keywords:
Plant diets, Obesity, Non-communicable diseases, Health benefitsAbstract
Increasing prevalence of long-term health conditions such as obesity, type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cancer, hypertension highlights the critical need for effective therapeutic nutrition initiatives at global level. This narrative review assesses the role of plant-based diets in prevention and treatment of various illnesses. Moreover, the study also focuses on the effectiveness of nutrition rich bioactive components present in plants such as; polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and alkaloids with each posing various health benefits depending upon their usage and uptake in the body. This nutritive initiative holds special attention to lower and middle class countries, targeting overburden of chronic diseases with therapeutic plant based diets. Results show hat plant based diets can reduce blood pressure, lower postprandial glucose levels, control the ratio of HDL to LDL in blood serum and reduce body weight and prevent oxidative stress. Hence, consumption of plant based antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and nutrient dense phenomenon can improve overall metabolic status and lower risk of chronic diseases. The generalizability and casual inference of available evidence hindered due to observational study design, variations in dietary classifications and a lack of data from non-western culture. Despite these confounding factors, such diets not only support general health objectives but also provide affordable, effective and sustainable approach to target chronic illness. Significant health benefits can be achieved by using multidisciplinary approach to initiate natural plant based solutions via national health programs and public health interventions. Longitudinal studies and clinical trials in context to the plant based dietary approach should be the primary focus for future researches, to strengthen the pool of updated knowledge and practices.
References
Aboukhater, D., Morad, B., Nasrallah, N., Nasser, S. A., Sahebkar, A., Kobeissy, F., Boudaka, A., & Eid, A. H. (2023). Inflammation and hypertension: Underlying mechanisms and emerging understandings. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 238(6), 1148–1159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.31019
Akpoveso, O. O. P., Ubah, E. E., & Obasanmi, G. (2023). Antioxidant phytochemicals as potential therapy for diabetic complications. Antioxidants, 12(1), 123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010123
Alahmari, L. A. (2024). Dietary fiber influence on overall health, with an emphasis on CVD, diabetes, obesity, colon cancer, and inflammation. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 1510564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1510564
Al Othaim, A. (2021). Impact of Different Plant-Based Foods Consumption on the Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/3992/
Alasmre, F. A., & Alotaibi, H. A. (2020). Plant-based diet: A potential intervention for heart failure. Cureus, 12(5), e8042. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8282
Al‐Ibraheem, A. M. T., Hameed, A. T. A. Z., Marsool, M. D. M., Jain, H., Prajjwal, P., Khazmi, I., … & Amir, O. (2024). Exercise‐induced cytokines, diet, and inflammation and their role in adipose tissue metabolism. Health Science Reports, 7(9), e70034. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70034
Alsayed, E. A. A. K. (2021). The proportion of plant-based foods in the diets of adolescent females in New Zealand.https://hdl.handle.net/10523/12488
Alshammari, N. (2023). Enhancing clinical nutrition, glycaemic, appetite and gastrointestinal responses of white rice https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/id/eprint/76952
Antonopoulos, S. N., Bakhshi, B., Barker, K., Bell, C., Cartwright, M., Drescher, A. A., … Wilson, H. (2024). Popular diets and health. In Culinary Medicine. University of Arizona. https://opentextbooks.library.arizona.edu/culinarymedicine/chapter/chapter-8-popular-diets/
Antouri, Z., Mezouaghi, A., Djilali, S., Zeb, A., Khan, I., & Omer, A. S. (2024). The impact of obesity on chronic diseases: Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure. Applied Mathematics in Science and Engineering, 32(1), 2422061. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/27690911.2024.2422061
Appunni, S., Rubens, M., Ramamoorthy, V., Tonse, R., Saxena, A., McGranaghan, P., & Kotecha, R. (2021). Emerging evidence on the effects of dietary factors on the gut microbiome in colorectal cancer. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8, 718389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.718389
Baden, M. Y., Kino, S., Liu, X., Li, Y., Kim, Y., Kubzansky, L. D., … & Kawachi, I. (2020). Changes in plant-based diet quality and health-related quality of life in women. British Journal of Nutrition, 124(9), 960–970. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520002032
Bai, T., Peng, J., Zhu, X., & Wu, C. (2023). Vegetarian diets and the risk of gastrointestinal cancers: A meta-analysis of observational studies. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 35(11), 1244–1252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0000000000002643
Bardhi, O., Clegg, D. J., & Palmer, B. F. (2023). The role of dietary potassium in the cardiovascular protective effects of plant-based diets. Seminars in Nephrology, 43(2), 151406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2023.151406
Balasubramaniam, A. K., Elangovan, A., Rahman, M. A., Nayak, S., Richards, A., Swain, D., & Rahman, M. A. (2024). Purple tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) leaves and obesity management: A review of 1,2-di-galloyl-4,6-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-β-D-glucose’s (GHG) potential health benefits and future prospects. Cureus, 16(12), e75314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.75055
Berg, A. T. (2024). Impact of dietary fiber on inflammation related to type 2 diabetes (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Memphis). The University of Memphis Digital Commons. https://digitalcommons.memphis.edu/etd/3857.
Budreviciute, A., Damiati, S., Sabir, D. K., Onder, K., Schuller-Goetzburg, P., Plakys, G., … & Kodzius, R. (2020). Management and prevention strategies for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 574111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.574111
Bray, F., Laversanne, M., Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Soerjomataram, I., & Jemal, A. (2024a). Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 74(3), 229–263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21834
Brown, J. S., Amend, S. R., Austin, R. H., Gatenby, R. A., Hammarlund, E. U., & Pienta, K. J. (2023). Updating the Definition of Cancer. Molecular Cancer Research, 21(11), 1142–1147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-23-0411
Bruns, A., Greupner, T., Nebl, J., & Hahn, A. (2024). Plant-based diets and cardiovascular risk factors: A comparison of flexitarians, vegans and omnivores in a cross-sectional study. BMC Nutrition, 10(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-024-00839-9
Butcher, R. L. (2020). The effects of a plant-based diet on inflammation of patients with cardiac disease (Honors undergraduate thesis, University of Central Florida). University of Central Florida STARS. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses/680
Campbell, M., Katikireddi, S. V., Sowden, A., & Thomson, H. (2019). Lack of transparency in reporting narrative synthesis of quantitative data: A methodological assessment of systematic reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 105, 1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.08.019
Carrero, J. J., González-Ortiz, A., Avesani, C. M., Bakker, S. J., Bellizzi, V., Chauveau, P., … & Fouque, D. (2020). Plant-based diets to manage the risks and complications of chronic kidney disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 16(9), 525–542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-020-0297-2
Cerf, M. E. (2020). Beta cell physiological dynamics and dysfunctional transitions in response to islet inflammation in obesity and diabetes. Metabolites, 10(11), 452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10110452
Coman, C., Bucs, A., Gherheș, V., Rad, D., & Alexandrescu, M. B. (2024). The Influence of Social Media Platforms on Promoting Sustainable Consumption in the Food Industry: A Bibliometric Review. Sustainability, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135960
Charles, J. A., Habibullah, N. K., Bautista, S., Davis, B., Joshi, S., & Hull, S. C. (2024). Planting the Seed for Blood Pressure Control: The Role of Plant-Based Nutrition in the Management of Hypertension. Current Cardiology Reports, 26(3), 121–134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-023-02008-z
Charoenwoodhipong, P. (2023). Better health through plant-based functional foods (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Davis). ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
Chen, W., Zhang, S., Hu, X., Chen, F., & Li, D. (2023). A review of healthy dietary choices for cardiovascular disease: From individual nutrients and foods to dietary patterns. Nutrients, 15(23), 4898. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234898
Craddock, J. C. (2022). Nutritional intake, diet quality and exercise training: An exploration of adults following vegetarian-based dietary patterns (Doctoral dissertation, University of Wollongong). University of Wollongong Research Online. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1/1547
Cuzick, J. (2023). The importance of long-term follow up of participants in clinical trials. British Journal of Cancer, 128(3), 432–438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-022-02038-4
DeClercq, V., Nearing, J. T., & Sweeney, E. (2022). Plant-Based Diets and Cancer Risk: What is the Evidence? Current Nutrition Reports, 11(2), 354–369. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-022-00409-0
De La Motte, K. L., Campbell, J. L., & Zinn, C. (2024). Exploring Consumption of Ultra‐Processed Foods and Diet Quality in the Context of Popular Low Carbohydrate and Plant‐Based Dietary Approaches. Food Science & Nutrition, 12(11), 9651–9663. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.4496
Dereje, D., Yirgu, R., & Chichiabellu, T. (2018). Magnitude of overweight/obesity and associated factors among high school adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Journal of Nutritional Disorders & Therapy, 8(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0509.1000231
Di Cesare, M., Perel, P., Taylor, S., Kabudula, C., Bixby, H., Gaziano, T. A., McGhie, D. V., Mwangi, J., Pervan, B., Narula, J., Pineiro, D., & Pinto, F. J. (2024). The Heart of the World. Global heart, 19(1), 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1288
Dinesh, S., Sharma, S., & Chourasiya, R. (2024). Therapeutic applications of plant and nutraceutical-based compounds for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A narrative review. Current Diabetes Reviews, 20(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1573399819666230505140206
Dominguez, L. J., Di Bella, G., Veronese, N., & Barbagallo, M. (2021). Impact of Mediterranean diet on chronic non-communicable diseases and longevity. Nutrients, 13(6), 2028. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062028
ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Aroda, V. R., Bannuru, R. R., Brown, F. M., Bruemmer, D., … & Gabbay, R. A. (2023). Facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of care in diabetes—2023. Diabetes Care, 46(Suppl. 1), S68–S96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc23-S005
Ejike, U. D. I., & Liman, M. L. (2022). Role of dietary antioxidants in chemoprevention of nitrosamines-induced carcinogenesis. In V. S. Rajendram, V. R. Preedy, & V. B. Patel (Eds.), Handbook of oxidative stress in cancer: Therapeutic aspects (pp. 253–275). Springer Nature Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5422-0_17
Fan, N., Fusco, J. L., & Rosenberg, D. W. (2023). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of walnut constituents: Focus on personalized cancer prevention and the microbiome. Antioxidants, 12(5), 982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12050982
Farhadi, F., Aliyari, R., Ebrahimi, H., Hashemi, H., Emamian, M. H., & Fotouhi, A. (2023). Prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension and its associated factors in 50–74 years old Iranian adults: A population-based study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 23(1), 318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-023-03357-x
Farinon, B., Molinari, R., Costantini, L., & Merendino, N. (2020). The seed of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): Nutritional quality and potential functionality for human health and nutrition. Nutrients, 12(7), 1935. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071935
Farvid, M. S., Spence, N. D., Holmes, M. D., & Barnett, J. B. (2020). Fiber consumption and breast cancer incidence: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective studies. Cancer, 126(13), 3061–3075. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32816
Filippou, C. D., Tsioufis, C. P., Thomopoulos, C. G., Mihas, C. C., Dimitriadis, K. S., Sotiropoulou, L. I., … & Tousoulis, D. M. (2020). Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet and blood pressure reduction in adults with and without hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Advances in Nutrition, 11(5), 1150–1160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa041
Fukumura, D., Incio, J., Shankaraiah, R. C., & JAIN, R. K. (2016). Obesity and Cancer: An Angiogenic and Inflammatory Link. Microcirculation (New York, N.Y. : 1994), 23(3), 191–206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/micc.12270
Gafiyatullina, R., & Binda, J. (2024). Nutritional Interventions in Chronic Disease Management: Evidence-Based Approaches for Improved Patient Outcomes. Scientific Journal of Bielsko-Biala School of Finance and Law, 28(4). https://www.asej.eu/index.php/asej/article/view/861
Gardner, C. D., Vadiveloo, M. K., Petersen, K. S., Anderson, C. A. M., Springfield, S., Van Horn, L., Khera, A., Lamendola, C., Mayo, S. M., Joseph, J. J., & on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health. (2023). Popular Dietary Patterns: Alignment With American Heart Association 2021 Dietary Guidance: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 147(22), 1715–1730. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001146
Gibbs, J., Gaskin, E., Ji, C., Miller, M. A., & Cappuccio, F. P. (2021). The effect of plant-based dietary patterns on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled intervention trials. Journal of Hypertension, 39(1), 23–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000002604
Graff, E., Vedantam, S., Parianos, M., Khakoo, N., Beiling, M., & Pearlman, M. (2023). Dietary Intake and Systemic Inflammation: Can We Use Food as Medicine? Current Nutrition Reports, 12(2), 247–254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-023-00458-z
Griendling, K. K., Camargo, L. L., Rios, F. J., Alves-Lopes, R., Montezano, A. C., & Touyz, R. M. (2021). Oxidative Stress and Hypertension. Circulation Research, 128(7), 993–1020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318063
Grygorczuk, O., Mrozik, M., Lipert, A., Kamińska, S., Białas, A., Drygas, W., … & Kwaśniewska, M. (2024). Cardiovascular health and diet quality among vegetarians, vegans and omnivores: Insights from a large urban population in Poland. Nutrients, 16(20), 3438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203438
Guo, R., Li, N., Yang, R., Liao, X. Y., Zhang, Y., Zhu, B. F., … & Lei, Y. (2021). Effects of the modified DASH diet on adults with elevated blood pressure or hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8, 725020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.725020
Gropper S. S. (2023). The Role of Nutrition in Chronic Disease. Nutrients, 15(3), 664. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030664
Hammerton, G., & Munafò, M. R. (2021). Causal inference with observational data: The need for triangulation of evidence. Psychological Medicine, 51(4), 563–578. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720005127
Hall, K. D. (2023). From dearth to excess: The rise of obesity in an ultra-processed food system. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 378(1885). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0214
Hargreaves, S. M., Rosenfeld, D. L., Moreira, A. V. B., & Zandonadi, R. P. (2023). Plant-based and vegetarian diets: An overview and definition of these dietary patterns. European Journal of Nutrition, 62(3), 1109–1121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-023-03086-z
Henderson, N., & Sampson, C. (2023). The impact of higher uptake of plant-based diets in England: Model-based estimates of health care resource use and health-related quality of life. medRxiv. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.12.26.23300536
Henderson, P. (2024). Exploring dietary patterns of a vegan population living in Auckland, New Zealand: A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand [PhD Thesis, Massey University]. https://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/72798
Hernando Redondo, J. (2024). Effects of Mediterranean Diet on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Randomized Clinical Trials: Molecular Mechanisms. https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/220464
Ivanova, S., Delattre, C., Karcheva-Bahchevanska, D., Benbasat, N., Nalbantova, V., & Ivanov, K. (2021). Plant-based diet as a strategy for weight control. Foods, 10(12), 3052. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10123052
Islam, A. N. M. S., Sultana, H., Nazmul Hassan Refat, M., Farhana, Z., Abdulbasah Kamil, A., & Meshbahur Rahman, M. (2024). The global burden of overweight-obesity and its association with economic status, benefiting from STEPs survey of WHO member states: A meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine Reports, 46, 102882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102882
Jain, C., Ansarullah, N., Bilekova, S., & Lickert, H. (2022). Targeting pancreatic β cells for diabetes treatment. Nature Metabolism, 4(9), 1097–1108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-022-00618-5
Jafari, S., Hezaveh, E., Jalilpiran, Y., Jayedi, A., Wong, A., Safaiyan, A., & Barzegar, A. (2022). Plant-based diets and risk of disease mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(28), 7760–7772. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1918628
Järvinen, S. (2024). Plant-Based Dairy and the Food Transformation: Leveraging Sociocultural Acceptability and Personal Benefit to Shift Consumer Behavior Toward Sustainability.
Jarvis, S. E., Nguyen, M., & Malik, V. S. (2022). Association between adherence to plant-based dietary patterns and obesity risk: A systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 47(12), 1115–1133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2022-0059
Jebraeili, H., Mirzababaei, A., Abaj, F., Mohsenian, S., & Mirzaei, K. (2023). The Association between Plant-Based Dietary Index and Odds of Diabetic Nephropathy in Women: A Case-Control Study. https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-2756405/latest DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2756405/v1
Jiménez-Cortegana, C., Iglesias, P., Ribalta, J., Vilariño-García, T., Montañez, L., Arrieta, F., … & Cardiovascular Disease Working Group of the Spanish Society of Diabetes (SED). (2021). Nutrients and dietary approaches in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease: A narrative review. Nutrients, 13(11), 4150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13114150
Johannesen, C. O., Dale, H. F., Jensen, C., & Lied, G. A. (2020).
Effects of Plant-Based Diets on Outcomes Related to Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review
. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, Volume 13, 2811–2822. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S265982Joshi, S., Ettinger, L., & Liebman, S. E. (2020). Plant-based diets and hypertension. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 14(4), 397–405. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827619875411
Jovandaric, M. Z., Jovanović, K., Raus, M., Babic, S., Igic, T., Kotlica, B., & Milicevic, S. (2024). The significance of plant nutrition in the creation of the intestinal microbiota—Prevention of chronic diseases: A narrative review. Medicina, 60(12), 1969. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60121969
Jovanovic, C. E. (2020). The intersection of diet, health and the environment: Plant-based diets and public health (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston). Digital Commons. https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/uthsph_dissertsopen/133/
Kaur, P., Dahiya, R., Kaur, G., Buttar, H. S., Wilson, D. W., & Telessy, I. G. (2024). Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease: Epidemiology, diagnostic biomarkers and prevention by nutraceuticals, functional foods, and plant-derived therapies. In H. S. Buttar, D. W. Wilson, & I. G. Telessy (Eds.), Botanicals and natural bioactives: Prevention and treatment of diseases (pp. 146–204). Bentham Science Publishers. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/9789815238273124020010
https://www.benthamdirect.com/content/books/9789815238273.chapter-7
Krzemińska, J., Wronka, M., Młynarska, E., Franczyk, B., & Rysz, J. (2022). Arterial hypertension—Oxidative stress and inflammation. Antioxidants, 11(1), 172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11010172
Kułak, K., Sztybór, I., & Kamińska, K. (2024). Obesity—An epidemic of the 21st century: Literature review. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 70, 49557. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2024.70.49557
Kumar, A., Chinnathambi, S., Kumar, M., & Pandian, G. N. (2023). Food intake and colorectal cancer. Nutrition and Cancer, 75(9), 1710–1742. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2023.2242103
Kundu, J., & Kundu, S. (2022). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its associated risk factors among older adults in India: Evidence from LASI Wave 1. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 13, 100937. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100937
Kusmy, P., Saxena Pal, R., Chaitanya, M. V. N. L., & Pal, Y. (2024). A Comprehensive Investigation into the Relationship between Dietary Therapy Strategies for Metabolic Illnesses and the Underlying Myriad Factors. Current Nutrition & Food Science, 20(5), 586–601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401319666230705122237
Kowal, M., Sorokowski, P., Kulczycki, E., & Żelaźniewicz, A. (2022). The impact of geographical bias when judging scientific studies. Scientometrics, 127(1), 265–273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-021-04176-7
Kumar, A., Gangwar, R., Zargar, A. A., Kumar, R., & Sharma, A. (2024). Prevalence of Diabetes in India: A Review of IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th Edition. Current diabetes reviews, 20(1), e130423215752. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1573399819666230413094200
Li, S. S., Blanco Mejia, S., Lytvyn, L., Stewart, S. E., Viguiliouk, E., Ha, V., de Souza, R. J., Leiter, L. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Jenkins, D. J. A., & Sievenpiper, J. L. (2017). Effect of plant protein on blood lipids: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Heart Association, 6(12), e006659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.006659
Landry, M. J., & Ward, C. P. (2024). Health Benefits of a Plant-Based Dietary Pattern and Implementation in Healthcare and Clinical Practice. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 18(5), 657–665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/15598276241237766
Larcher, N. (2023). Effects of a 12-week plant-based diet program on obese and overweight adults in rural Michigan (Doctoral dissertation, Andrews University). Andrews University Digital Commons. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/1234
Lawson, S. (2023). Addressing hypertension in overweight and obese African Americans using a plant-based diet (Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts Global). University of Massachusetts Global ScholarWorks. https://scholarworks.umassglobal.edu/dissertations/567
Lessem, A., & Trapp, C. (2022). Preventing, treating, and reversing chronic disease with nutritional interventions. In K. L. Munroe & S. Smith (Eds.), Lifestyle nursing (pp. 193–208). CRC Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003178330-17
Lewgood, J., Oliveira, B., Korzepa, M., Forbes, S. C., Little, J. P., Breen, L., & Candow, D. G. (2021). Efficacy of dietary and supplementation interventions for individuals with type 2 diabetes. Nutrients, 13(7), 2378. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072378
Li, T., Guan, L., Wang, X., Li, X., Zhou, C., Wang, X., … & Xi, Y. (2022). Relationship between dietary patterns and chronic diseases in rural population: Management plays an important role in the link. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 866400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.866400
Liang, J., Wen, Y., Yin, J., Zhu, G., & Wang, T. (2024). Utilization of plant-based foods for effective prevention of chronic diseases: A longitudinal cohort study. npj Science of Food, 8(1), 113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-024-00362-y
Lipert, A., Szadkowska, I., Matusiak-Wieczorek, E., & Kochan, E. (2022). The effect of herbal supplements on blood pressure: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Antioxidants, 11(8), 1419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081419
Lopez-Pentecost, M. (2022). Informing dietary interventions for obesity-related cancer prevention in Mexican-origin Hispanic adults [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Arizona]. ProQuest. https://search.proquest.com/openview/873f1e62693a396ec12b5d00e4cdf6bf/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Mann, E. R., Lam, Y. K., & Uhlig, H. H. (2024). Short-chain fatty acids: Linking diet, the microbiome and immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology, 24(8), 577–595. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-024-01014-8
Mbata, A. O., Soyege, O. S., Nwokedi, C. N., Tomoh, B. O., Mustapha, A. Y., Balogun, O. D., Forkuo, A. Y., & Iguma, D. R. (2024). Preventative medicine and chronic disease management: Reducing healthcare costs and improving long-term public health. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 5(6), 1584–1600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54660/.IJMRGE.2024.5.6.1584-1600
McGrath, L., & Fernandez, M.-L. (2022). Plant-based diets and metabolic syndrome: Evaluating the influence of diet quality. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 9, 100322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100322
Mondal, M. K., Nessa, A., & Khatun, N. (2023). Study of body mass index, blood pressure, serum sodium in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Mymensingh Medical Journal: MMJ, 32(2), 355–360.
Munteanu, C., & Schwartz, B. (2024). Interactions between dietary antioxidants, dietary fiber and the gut microbiome: Their putative role in inflammation and cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(15), 8250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158250
Mykhailovska, N. S., Grytsay, A. V., Shershnyova, O. V., & Mykhailovskyi, Y. M. (2023). The risk factors and screening of main chronic noncommunicable diseases: Study guide for the practical classes and individual work for 6th-years students of international faculty. http://dspace.zsmu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19546
Makhaik, M. S., Shakya, A. K., & Kale, R. (2021). Dietary phytochemicals. In Antioxidants: Benefits, sources, mechanisms of action (p. 421). Springer.
Naji, H. A., Al-Ani, W. A. T., & Ali, B. M. (2024). Overweight/obesity and its association with physical activity among intermediate school students in Baghdad-Al-Karkh. http://www.iraqinmj.com/upload/2971417802.pdf
Narayan, K. V. (2021). Pandemic of diabetes and prediabetes: Prevention and control (Vol. 50). Elsevier Health Sciences. https://www.elsevier.com/books/pandemic-of-diabetes-and-prediabetes-prevention-and-control/narayan/978-0-323-90503-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-8529(21)00058-X
Ndithia, J. M. (2024). Behavioural and social-demographic risk factors associated with hypertension among low income adultsin Kiambu County, Kenya [PhD Thesis, Maseno University]. https://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/6308
Negowetti, N. E. (2020). A planetary health approach to the labeling of plant-based meat. Food & Drug Law Journal, 75, 142–165. https://www.fdljournal.com
Ng, R., Sutradhar, R., Yao, Z., Wodchis, W. P., & Rosella, L. C. (2020). Smoking, drinking, diet and physical activity—Modifiable lifestyle risk factors and their associations with age to first chronic disease. International Journal of Epidemiology, 49(1), 113–130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz078
Niebuur, J., Vonk, J. M., Du, Y., de Bock, G. H., Lunter, G., Krabbe, P. F., Alizadeh, B. Z., Snieder, H., Smidt, N., & Boezen, M. (2023). Lifestyle factors related to prevalent chronic disease multimorbidity: A population-based cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 18(7), e0287263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287263
Olabiyi, A. A., & de Castro Brás, L. E. (2023). Cardiovascular remodeling post-ischemia: Herbs, diet, and drug interventions. Biomedicines, 11(6), 1697. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11061697
Oladimeji, B. M., & Adebo, O. A. (2024). Antiobesity effect of healthy food crops and functional foods: A systematic review of their mechanisms. Food Science & Nutrition, 12(3), 1380–1398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3856
Oberhauser, L., & Maechler, P. (2021). Lipid-induced adaptations of the pancreatic beta-cell to glucotoxic conditions sustain insulin secretion. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(1), 324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010324
Odongo, M. (2024). Health communication campaigns and their impact on public health behaviors. Journal of Communication, 5(2), 55–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47941/jcomm.1980
Olvera Lopez, E., Ballard, B. D., & Jan, A. (2023, August 22). Cardiovascular disease. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535419/
Pugliese, G., Liccardi, A., Graziadio, C., Barrea, L., Muscogiuri, G., & Colao, A. (2022). Obesity and infectious diseases: Pathophysiology and epidemiology of a double pandemic condition. International Journal of Obesity, 46(3), 449–465. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-021-01035-6
Pacinella, G., Ciaccio, A. M., & Tuttolomondo, A. (2024b). Molecular Links and Clinical Effects of Inflammation and Metabolic Background on Ischemic Stroke: An Update Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(24), Article 24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13247515
Pirdhankar, M. S., Rasal, K. S., & Tasgaonkar, R. (2023). Brief review on diabetes mellitus. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), ISSN 2321–9653. https://www.ijraset.com DOI: https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48989
Raihan, D. (2023). A review of Breast Cancer risk factor assessment on women in developing countries, cancer drug resistance, and Breast Cancer treatment in Bangladesh [PhD Thesis, Brac University]. https://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/xmlui/handle/10361/22942
Reyes, L. I., Constantinides, S. V., Bhandari, S., Frongillo, E. A., Schreinemachers, P., Wertheim-Heck, S., Walls, H., Holdsworth, M., Laar, A., Nguyen, T., Turner, C., Wellard, K., & Blake, C. E. (2021). Actions in global nutrition initiatives to promote sustainable healthy diets. Global Food Security, 31, 100585. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100585
Rippe, J. M. (2022). Integrating lifestyle medicine in cardiovascular health and disease prevention. CRC Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/b23245
Razzaghi, H., Martin, D. N., Quesnel-Crooks, S., Hong, Y., Gregg, E., Andall-Brereton, G., Gawryszweski, V., & Saraiya, M. (2019). 10-year trends in noncommunicable disease mortality in the Caribbean region. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública = Pan American Journal of Public Health, 43, e37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2019.37
Scully, T., Ettela, A., LeRoith, D., & Gallagher, E. J. (2021). Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Cancer Risk. Frontiers in oncology, 10, 615375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.615375
Singh, S., Shankar, R., & Singh, G. P. (2017). Prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension: A cross-sectional study in urban Varanasi. International Journal of Hypertension, 2017, 5491838. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5491838
Said, M. S., El Sayed, I. T., Ibrahim, E. E., & Khafagy, G. M. (2021). Effect of DASH Diet Versus Healthy Dietary Advice on the Estimated Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2150132720980952
Satija, A., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Rimm, E. B., Spiegelman, D., Chiuve, S. E., Borgi, L., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Sun, Q., & Hu, F. B. (2016). Plant-Based Dietary Patterns and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in US Men and Women: Results from Three Prospective Cohort Studies. PLoS Medicine, 13(6), e1002039. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002039
Shah, S. (2023). Plant-based dietary patterns and the risk of breast cancer in the E3N Cohort [PhD Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay]. https://theses.hal.science/tel-05042294/
Siddiqui, S. A., Azmy Harahap, I., Suthar, P., Wu, Y. S., Ghosh, N., & Castro-Muñoz, R. (2023). A comprehensive review of phytonutrients as a dietary therapy for obesity. Foods, 12(19), 3610. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12193610
Simsek, M., & Whitney, K. (2024). Examination of primary and secondary metabolites associated with a plant-based diet and their impact on human health. Foods, 13(7), 1020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13071020
Singh, D. D. (2024). Epigenetic mechanisms of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in breast cancer and their impact on dietary intake. Journal of Xenobiotics, 15(1), 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15010001
Slater, R. (2022). Effects of the vegetarian diet on adult body composition and obesity in the United States. https://openresearch.okstate.edu/bitstreams/1afaa29e-734a-45a5-81f5-940c860b9d33/download
Storz, M. A. (2024). Will the plant-based movement redefine physicians’ understanding of chronic disease? In Environmental Bioethics (pp. 69–85). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003465652-7/plant-based-movement-redefine-physicians-understanding-chronic-disease-maximilian-andreas-storz DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003465652-7
Szabo, Z., Koczka, V., Marosvolgyi, T., Szabo, E., Frank, E., Polyak, E., Fekete, K., Erdelyi, A., Verzar, Z., & Figler, M. (2021). Possible biochemical processes underlying the positive health effects of plant-based diets: A narrative review. Nutrients, 13(8), 2593. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082593
Szczepańska, E., Białek-Dratwa, A., Janota, B., & Kowalski, O. (2022). Dietary therapy in prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD)—Tradition or modernity? A review of the latest approaches to nutrition in CVD. Nutrients, 14(13), 2649. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132649
Tan, J., Zhang, S., Jiang, Y., Li, J., & Yang, C. (2024). Plant-based diet and risk of all-cause mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 1481363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1481363
Tantoh, N. T. (2024). Knowledge, attitude and practices of the modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular diseases amongst the adult population of the Bokova community (Unpublished master’s thesis). Academia. https://www.academia.edu/download/117695622/Final_Thesis_Dissertation_2024_Nsame_Tantoh_.pdf
Temple, N. J. (2024). Making sense of the relationship between ultra-processed foods, obesity, and other chronic diseases. Nutrients, 16(23), 4039. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234039
Thiruvengadam, M., Subramanian, U., Venkidasamy, B., Thirupathi, P., Samynathan, R., Shariati, M. A., Rebezov, M., Chung, I.-M., & Rengasamy, K. R. R. (2023). Emerging role of nutritional short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) against cancer via modulation of hematopoiesis. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 63(6), 827–844. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1954874
Tomé-Carneiro, J., & Visioli, F. (2023). Plant-Based Diets Reduce Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review of Recent Evidence. Current Hypertension Reports, 25(7), 127–150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-023-01243-7
Tu, Z., Yang, J., & Fan, C. (2024). The role of different nutrients in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Frontiers in Immunology, 15, 1393378. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1393378
Tucci, M. (2022). Definition and critical evaluation of nutritional strategies to achieve the development of optimized healthy and sustainable dietary patterns: from theory to practice. https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/940334
Turner-McGrievy, G. M., Davidson, C. R., Wingard, E. E., Wilcox, S., & Frongillo, E. A. (2015). Comparative effectiveness of plant-based diets for weight loss: A randomized controlled trial of five different diets. Nutrition, 31(2), 350–358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.09.002
Turner-McGrievy, G., Mandes, T., & Crimarco, A. (2017). A plant-based diet for overweight and obesity prevention and treatment. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology : JGC, 14(5), 369–374.
Upadhyay, R. K. (2023). High cholesterol disorders, myocardial infarction and its therapeutics. World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases, 13(8), 433–469. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/wjcd.2023.138040
van Aken, G. A. (2024). Computer modeling of digestive processes in the alimentary tract and their physiological regulation mechanisms: Closing the gap between digestion models and in vivo behavior. Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 1339711. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1339711
Velissaridou, A., Panoutsopoulou, E., Prokopiou, V., & Tsoupras, A. (2024). Cardio-protective-promoting properties of functional foods inducing HDL-cholesterol levels and functionality. Nutraceuticals, 4(4), 469–502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4040028
Wang, X. J., Voortman, T., de Crom, T. O. E., Tilly, M., Kavousi, M., Ikram, M. K., & Steur, M. (2024). Healthy and unhealthy plant-based diets and the risk of cardiovascular diseases: The Rotterdam study and updated meta-analysis. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 87, 8–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2024.10.008
Wang, Y. B., Page, A. J., Gill, T. K., & Melaku, Y. A. (2023). The association between diet quality, plant-based diets, systemic inflammation, and mortality risk: Findings from NHANES. European Journal of Nutrition, 62(7), 2723–2737 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-023-03191-z
World Health Organization. (2024). Noncommunicable diseases. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
Xiao, Y., Xiao, X., Zhang, X., Yi, D., Li, T., Hao, Q., Zhang, F., Li, X., & Wang, N. (2024). Mediterranean diet in the targeted prevention and personalized treatment of chronic diseases: Evidence, potential mechanisms, and prospects. EPMA Journal, 15(2), 207–220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-024-00360-w
Yadav, J. P., Singh, A. K., Grishina, M., Pathak, P., Verma, A., Kumar, V., … & Patel, D. K. (2024). Insights into the mechanisms of diabetic wounds: Pathophysiology, molecular targets, and treatment strategies through conventional and alternative therapies. Inflammopharmacology, 32(1), 149–228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-023-01407-6
Zhang, Z., Chen, B., Zeng, J., Fan, M., Xu, W., Li, X., Xing, Y., & Xu, S. (2022). Associations between consumption of dietary fibers and the risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality in Chinese adults: Longitudinal analyses from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Nutrients, 14(13), 2650. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132650
Zheng, Y., Meng, L., Liu, H., Sun, L., Nie, Y., Wu, Q., Fan, D., & Li, M. (2022). Let food be thy medicine: The role of diet in colorectal cancer: A narrative review. Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology, 13(4), 2020–2032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/jgo-22-32
Zhou, E., & Rifkin, S. (2021). Colorectal cancer and diet: Risk versus prevention, is diet an intervention? Gastroenterology Clinics, 50(1), 101–111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2020.10.012
Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., & Bray, F. (2021). Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71(3), 209–249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
Shahjehan, R. D., Sharma, S., & Bhutta, B. S. (2024). Coronary artery disease. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574519/
Mehta, P., Tawfeeq, S., Padte, S., Sunasra, R., Desai, H., Surani, S., & Kashyap, R. (2023). Plant-based diet and its effect on coronary artery disease: A narrative review. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 11(20), 4752–4764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v11.i20.4752
Tyson, C. C., Nwankwo, C., Lin, P. H., & Svetkey, L. P. (2012). The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating pattern in special populations. Current Hypertension Reports, 14(5), 388–396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-012-0296-1
Collins, L., & Costello, R. A. (2024). Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557823
Łuszczki, E., Boakye, F., Zielińska, M., Dereń, K., Bartosiewicz, A., Oleksy, Ł., & Stolarczyk, A. (2023). Vegan diet: Nutritional components, implementation, and effects on adults’ health. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1294497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1294497
Ogugua, J. O., Olorunsogo, T. O., Muonde, M., Maduka, C. P., & Omotayo, O. (2024). Developing countries' health policy: A critical review and pathway to effective healthcare systems. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 11(1), 371–382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0069
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Mehral Aslam, Qurat ul Ain, Jawad Amin, Sareen Fatima, Qurat ul Ain, Komal Fatima, Javeria Suhail
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
